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Light and Optical Radiation
As a physical term, electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that propagates as both electrical and magnetic waves traveling in packets of energy called photons, or quanta.
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SI Seven Constants and Base Units
The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), informally known as the metric system, is the dominant measurement system......
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Candela and Kcd
Light is life, not only for human, it also for animals and plants. Since the dawn of humanity, from fire of burning branches to glowing flame of candles and lanterns, from incandescent bulbs to......
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Corbu Modulor
Le Corbusier (1887-1965), a French architect, often known simply as "Corbu", was one of the most influential architects of the 20th century. His buildings and writings had a revolutionary effect on the international development of modern architecture. The modulor is a system of ......
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![Visual Discomfort]()
Visual Discomfort
The most common aspects of lighting that cause visual discomfort as below:1. Insufficient light For example, about the lighting in offices the recommended maintained illuminances on a horizontal worki
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![Ingress Protection]()
Ingress Protection
The international protection system classifies luminaires according to the degree of protection provided against the ingress of foreign bodies, dust and moisture. The degree of protection is indic
